Candidiasis: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

Authored By: Dr. Jana Lim
Last updated: Jul 17, 2025

Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida species, most commonly Candida albicans, which naturally lives on the skin, mouth, gut, and genital areas but can cause infections when the body's balance is disrupted. This condition is also historically known as monilia or moniliasis, a term that may still be used in some clinical or community settings.

In healthy individuals, Candida exists in small amounts and is kept in check by the immune system and other microorganisms. However, certain factors such as antibiotic use, high blood sugar, a weakened immune system, or hormonal changes can lead to an overgrowth, resulting in candidiasis.

This condition can cause discomfort, irritation, and fatigue, interfering with eating, sleeping, daily hygiene, or sexual activity, depending on the area affected.

Candidiasis can present in different forms and severities, and affect the skin, mouth (oral thrush), genitals (vaginal or penile thrush), or bloodstream (invasive candidiasis).

Candidiasis occurs when the natural balance of microorganisms in the body is disrupted, allowing Candida to multiply and cause infection.

Several common factors can contribute to this imbalance:

• Antibiotic use – Broad-spectrum antibiotics can reduce levels of beneficial bacteria that normally help keep Candida under control.
• Hormonal changes – Hormonal fluctuations during pregnancy, use of hormonal contraceptives, or hormone replacement therapy can affect the natural balance in the genital area, making it easier for Candida to grow.
• High blood sugar levels – Individuals with poorly controlled diabetes are at higher risk due to elevated glucose levels that support fungal growth.
• Moisture and hygiene factors – Wearing damp or tight clothing, or not drying skin folds properly, can create conditions favourable for fungal overgrowth.
• Weakened immune system – Although less common in the general population, conditions such as HIV, cancer treatments, or use of immunosuppressants can impair the body’s defences against infection.
• Sexual activity or transmission from a partner – Although candidiasis is not classified as a STI, it can occasionally be triggered or passed between partners.

Candidiasis is usually diagnosed through physical examination and may be confirmed with laboratory tests depending on the location and severity of the infection.

1. Swab and microscopy – A sample from the affected area is taken using a swab and examined under a microscope or cultured to detect the presence of Candida species.
2. Blood tests – For suspected invasive candidiasis, blood cultures or specialised tests such as the β-D-glucan assay may be used to detect fungal components in the bloodstream.
3. Pelvic examination – In women with vaginal symptoms, a pelvic examination along with a swab test can help confirm candidiasis and rule out other causes of similar symptoms.

Treatment for candidiasis typically involves antifungal medications, with the approach depending on the type and severity of the infection.

• Topical antifungals – Creams, ointments or pessaries containing agents such as clotrimazole or miconazole are commonly used to treat skin and genital infections.
• Oral antifungals – Medications such as fluconazole may be prescribed for more widespread, persistent or recurrent cases.

In cases of invasive candidiasis, treatment requires intravenous antifungal therapy and is managed in hospital due to its potential to affect internal organs and cause serious complications.

At ATA Medical, we offer diagnosis and treatment for candidiasis, along with a range of other women’s health services.

We also offer discreet and confidential testing and treatment for STIs, available as individual tests or in comprehensive packages. Male and female doctors are available upon request to accommodate your comfort and preference.

Please contact us directly for more information on test options, treatment availability, and appointment scheduling.

Preventing candidiasis involves maintaining a healthy balance of microorganisms in the body and reducing factors that promote Candida overgrowth.

You can lower your risk by:

• Avoiding unnecessary use of antibiotics (speak with your doctor before stopping or starting any medication).
• Wearing breathable, moisture-wicking clothing.
• Practising good personal hygiene, especially in skin folds and genital areas.
• Managing blood sugar levels if you have diabetes.
• Avoiding douching or using scented hygiene products, which can disrupt the natural balance in the genital area.

Individuals who experience recurrent infections may benefit from lifestyle adjustments and regular medical check-ups to identify and manage any underlying health conditions.

You should see a doctor if symptoms are severe, persistent, recurrent, or if you are uncertain about the diagnosis.

Medical attention is especially important if:

• Symptoms do not improve after over-the-counter treatment.
• You experience frequent episodes of candidiasis.
• You have a weakened immune system or chronic condition.
• There are signs of systemic infection (e.g., fever, fatigue, unexplained illness).